The rectum is the last six inches of the large intestine, also called the colon. The rectum and connects to the anal canal, which leads to the anus which open to the outside of the body. Usually, rectal tumor form inside the lining of the rectum. Tumors, can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Other than that, tumors that are malignant begin when cells grow in an abnormal fashion. There are several treatment for rectal tumor:

• Surgery

Surgery is the most common treatment for rectal tumor and should be carried out by a surgeon who specializes in bowel surgery. Usually people will be given radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy before surgery to shrink the tumor and make it easier to remove. Early rectal tumor that are small and low down in the rectum can sometimes be removed using an operation known as a local resection or a transanal resection. Then, when a instruments are passed through the anus into the rectum to remove the tumor. Other than that, transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) occur when the cancer is higher up in the rectum, an endoscope which is similar to the one used to take a biopsy, can be used by a special trained surgeon to remove the tumor from the wall of the rectum. Total mesorectal excision occurs when to remove a rectal tumor. It involves careful removal of the whole of the rectum as well as the fatty tissue that surrounds it, which contains the lymph nodes.

• Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy treats tumor by using high-energy rays to destroy the tumor cells, while doing as little harm as possible to normal cells. Radiotherapy may e given before surgery to shrink a tumor and make it easier to remove or given after surgery because the tumor was difficult to remove, may be left behind or had spread through the bowel wall or into nearby lymph nodes. Radiotherapy can be given in two ways either external radiotherapy or internal radiotherapy. External radiotherapy is given to people as an outpatient in the radiotherapy department, over a series of short daily treatment. Internal radiotherapy involves having a radioactive material (the source) placed close to or inside the tumor for a limited period of time. This called as brachytherapy.

• Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is the use of anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy tumor cell. Chemotherapy can be given as capsule or tablets or injection into a vein. If the chemotherapy using injection it would be given drug through a vein in the back of hand, a plastic line called a central line, in chest or a thin tube inserted into a vein in the crook of arm. Sometimes chemotherapy can be given continuously through a small portable pump, which is attached to central. A controlled amount of the drug is given into the bloodstream over a period of time.

RECTAL TUMOR TREATMENT

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